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this desolate landscape haleakala crater

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this desolate landscape haleakala crater
 

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this desolate landscape haleakala crater
is located on the hawaiian island of

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is located on the hawaiian island of
 

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is located on the hawaiian island of
maui

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maui
 

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maui
it looks very similar to the distant

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it looks very similar to the distant
 

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it looks very similar to the distant
pockmarked wastelands of the moon

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pockmarked wastelands of the moon
 

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pockmarked wastelands of the moon
and it is here at the lower observatory

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and it is here at the lower observatory
 

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and it is here at the lower observatory
that nasa and the university of hawaii

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that nasa and the university of hawaii
 

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that nasa and the university of hawaii
are involved in work which helps us

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are involved in work which helps us
 

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are involved in work which helps us
understand the geophysical science of

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understand the geophysical science of
 

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understand the geophysical science of
the moon and the earth

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the moon and the earth
 

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the moon and the earth
lure observatory situated at the ten

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lure observatory situated at the ten
 

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lure observatory situated at the ten
thousand foot summit of mount haleakala

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thousand foot summit of mount haleakala
 

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thousand foot summit of mount haleakala
uses laser technology to accurately

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uses laser technology to accurately
 

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uses laser technology to accurately
range within one inch the two hundred

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range within one inch the two hundred
 

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range within one inch the two hundred
forty thousand mile distance between the

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forty thousand mile distance between the
 

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forty thousand mile distance between the
two bodies

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two bodies
 

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two bodies
ranging or measuring distance is

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ranging or measuring distance is
 

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ranging or measuring distance is
accomplished by clocking the time it

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accomplished by clocking the time it
 

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accomplished by clocking the time it
takes bursts of laser light to leave the

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takes bursts of laser light to leave the
 

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takes bursts of laser light to leave the
observatory hit one of four retro

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observatory hit one of four retro
 

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observatory hit one of four retro
reflectors on the moon and return to the

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reflectors on the moon and return to the
 

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reflectors on the moon and return to the
observatory

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observatory
 

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observatory
by measuring the continually changing

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by measuring the continually changing
 

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by measuring the continually changing
distance between the earth and moon we

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distance between the earth and moon we
 

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distance between the earth and moon we
are able to unlock many details relating

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are able to unlock many details relating
 

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are able to unlock many details relating
to the motions of both bodies

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to the motions of both bodies
 

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to the motions of both bodies
analysis of day-to-day changes in the

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analysis of day-to-day changes in the
 

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analysis of day-to-day changes in the
earth's motion help scientists better

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earth's motion help scientists better
 

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earth's motion help scientists better
understand the earth's rotation

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understand the earth's rotation
 

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understand the earth's rotation
continental drift

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continental drift
 

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continental drift
weather phenomena such as the el nino

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weather phenomena such as the el nino
 

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weather phenomena such as the el nino
effect and forces deep within the earth

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effect and forces deep within the earth
 

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effect and forces deep within the earth
that set off earthquakes

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that set off earthquakes
 

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that set off earthquakes
there are currently two other

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there are currently two other
 

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there are currently two other
observatories located around the world

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observatories located around the world
 

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observatories located around the world
which also participate in lunar laser

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which also participate in lunar laser
 

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which also participate in lunar laser
ranging but as yet neither has achieved

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ranging but as yet neither has achieved
 

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ranging but as yet neither has achieved
the level of precision of the lower

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the level of precision of the lower
 

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the level of precision of the lower
facility

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facility
 

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facility
much more will be learned in the future

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much more will be learned in the future
 

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much more will be learned in the future
by interpreting data from many stations

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by interpreting data from many stations
 

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by interpreting data from many stations
simultaneously

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simultaneously
 

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simultaneously
the accuracy of ranging has come a long

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the accuracy of ranging has come a long
 

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the accuracy of ranging has come a long
way since apollo astronauts armstrong

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way since apollo astronauts armstrong
 

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way since apollo astronauts armstrong
and aldrin placed the first

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and aldrin placed the first
 

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and aldrin placed the first
retroreflector on the moon

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retroreflector on the moon
 

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retroreflector on the moon
a member of the technical staff at the

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a member of the technical staff at the
 

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a member of the technical staff at the
jet propulsion laboratory working on

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jet propulsion laboratory working on
 

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jet propulsion laboratory working on
lunar laser ranging is dr skip new hall

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lunar laser ranging is dr skip new hall
 

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lunar laser ranging is dr skip new hall
the moon reflectors are composed of

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the moon reflectors are composed of
 

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the moon reflectors are composed of
array of several dozen or perhaps a few

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array of several dozen or perhaps a few
 

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array of several dozen or perhaps a few
hundred are these so-called corner

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hundred are these so-called corner
 

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hundred are these so-called corner
reflectors

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reflectors
 

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reflectors
and they have a nice feature

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and they have a nice feature
 

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and they have a nice feature
that

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that
 

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that
no matter what direction the light goes

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no matter what direction the light goes
 

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no matter what direction the light goes
in from

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in from
 

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in from
the it always returns out at exactly the

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the it always returns out at exactly the
 

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the it always returns out at exactly the
same direction so when we shine a laser

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same direction so when we shine a laser
 

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same direction so when we shine a laser
beam at the moon no matter how it's

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beam at the moon no matter how it's
 

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beam at the moon no matter how it's
oriented locally the light comes right

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oriented locally the light comes right
 

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oriented locally the light comes right
back out when the apollo

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back out when the apollo
 

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back out when the apollo
astronauts first put the reflectives on

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astronauts first put the reflectives on
 

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astronauts first put the reflectives on
the moon we got some returns back in

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the moon we got some returns back in
 

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the moon we got some returns back in
early 1970 and late 1969

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early 1970 and late 1969
 

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early 1970 and late 1969
the uncertainty in the return time was

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the uncertainty in the return time was
 

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the uncertainty in the return time was
about

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about
 

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about
equivalent of a distance of 150 to 200

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equivalent of a distance of 150 to 200
 

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equivalent of a distance of 150 to 200
meters that's around 600 feet

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meters that's around 600 feet
 

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meters that's around 600 feet
we have refined the time equipment the

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we have refined the time equipment the
 

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we have refined the time equipment the
lasers and the other associated

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lasers and the other associated
 

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lasers and the other associated
electronic equipment that supports this

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electronic equipment that supports this
 

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electronic equipment that supports this
so now

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so now
 

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so now
we have the uncertainties and distance

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we have the uncertainties and distance
 

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we have the uncertainties and distance
are equal to about three quarters of an

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are equal to about three quarters of an
 

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are equal to about three quarters of an
inch

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inch
 

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inch
which is an amazing improvement

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which is an amazing improvement
 

155
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which is an amazing improvement
the key to the lunar ranging operation

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the key to the lunar ranging operation
 

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the key to the lunar ranging operation
is a laser that can be adjusted to

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is a laser that can be adjusted to
 

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is a laser that can be adjusted to
create intense billion watt pulses of

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create intense billion watt pulses of
 

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create intense billion watt pulses of
energy

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energy
 

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energy
energy that makes its way to the moon

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energy that makes its way to the moon
 

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energy that makes its way to the moon
and back

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and back
 

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and back
the light energy is channeled out of the

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the light energy is channeled out of the
 

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the light energy is channeled out of the
observatory by this mirrored instrument

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observatory by this mirrored instrument
 

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observatory by this mirrored instrument
which keeps the laser beam continually

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which keeps the laser beam continually
 

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which keeps the laser beam continually
locked on target with the retro

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locked on target with the retro
 

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locked on target with the retro
reflectors on the moon

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reflectors on the moon
 

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reflectors on the moon
meanwhile in the observatory's main

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meanwhile in the observatory's main
 

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meanwhile in the observatory's main
control room the receiving telescope

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control room the receiving telescope
 

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control room the receiving telescope
which is composed of 80 lenses is

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which is composed of 80 lenses is
 

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which is composed of 80 lenses is
adjusted to line up visually with the

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adjusted to line up visually with the
 

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adjusted to line up visually with the
moon's apollo 15 retro reflector near

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moon's apollo 15 retro reflector near
 

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moon's apollo 15 retro reflector near
hadley real

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hadley real
 

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hadley real
the giant telescope acts as a collector

190
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the giant telescope acts as a collector
 

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the giant telescope acts as a collector
for the particles of laser light that

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for the particles of laser light that
 

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for the particles of laser light that
make the trip back to the observatory

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make the trip back to the observatory
 

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make the trip back to the observatory
the time it takes for the light

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the time it takes for the light
 

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the time it takes for the light
particles to reach the telescope is

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particles to reach the telescope is
 

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particles to reach the telescope is
calculated and fed into data banks

200
00:04:01,190 --> 00:04:01,200
calculated and fed into data banks
 

201
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calculated and fed into data banks
the information returned is analyzed

202
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the information returned is analyzed
 

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the information returned is analyzed
regularly by a group of scientists at

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regularly by a group of scientists at
 

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regularly by a group of scientists at
nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in

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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in
 

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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in
pasadena california

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pasadena california
 

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pasadena california
again dr skip newhall

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again dr skip newhall
 

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again dr skip newhall
we have now a means of measuring

212
00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:14,400
we have now a means of measuring
 

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we have now a means of measuring
earth and lunar phenomena geophysical

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earth and lunar phenomena geophysical
 

215
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earth and lunar phenomena geophysical
body-oriented science phenomena that

216
00:04:20,550 --> 00:04:20,560
body-oriented science phenomena that
 

217
00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:22,950
body-oriented science phenomena that
were not available by any means before

218
00:04:22,950 --> 00:04:22,960
were not available by any means before
 

219
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were not available by any means before
this is the only way we can measure

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this is the only way we can measure
 

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this is the only way we can measure
particularly connected with the moon

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particularly connected with the moon
 

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particularly connected with the moon
lunar laser ranging

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lunar laser ranging
 

225
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lunar laser ranging
helping scientists to learn more about

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helping scientists to learn more about
 

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helping scientists to learn more about
the earth and our closest celestial

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the earth and our closest celestial
 

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the earth and our closest celestial
neighbor the moon